Sumita Tah

Benefits of ‘OM’ Chanting

Posted on June 27, 2020June 27, 2020 by Sumita Tah

‘OM’ the primordial sound is the eternal sound of the Universe. Chanting of Om tunes us spiritually and physically with every element of the Universe. Its rhythmic utterance creates vibrations at the frequency of 432 Hz, which has a calming effect on the body and the mind. It is the same frequency that can be found everywhere in nature. Om is chanted thrice indicating the past, the present and the future existence of our soul.

The three syllables of Om are:

A – U – M

Symbolizing the waking – dream – and dreamless state.

The chanting of Om thrice before meditation helps us realize our highest potential or the infinite consciousness which is hidden from us by the veil of Maya or illusion.

We often find ourselves living in a state of confusion; especially in this world of social media. To develop our concentration and willpower the chanting of Om is beneficial.

Om chanting –

Detoxifies the body
Controls hypertension
Improves memory retention
Increases focus and willpower
Improves our concentration levels
Improve the blood circulation in our body
Reduces stress levels and relaxes mind and body
Improves oxygen levels in the body imparting a glow on it
Strengthens spinal cord improving its efficiency
Improves control over feelings and emotions
Increases alertness and awareness of mind
Rejuvenates the digestive system
Rejuvenates the nervous system
Rejuvenates circulatory system
Improves hormonal balance
Increases immunity levels
Improves quality of sleep
Reduces blood pressure

The overall result is an improved personal and professional life. Om chanting has tremendous positive effect on students. Children above 8 years can improve their academic performances with the regular practice of Om chanting before studying. They will be able to focus better in studies with improved concentration levels and memory retention capacities. The vibrations in the brain while chanting Om deactivate certain parts of the brain resulting in relaxation of the mind, reducing stress and depression. Chanting Om strengthens the body and mind, awakening the power within.

The outcome of chanting Om depends on the correct method of doing it–

Sit cross-legged in a silent area. Keep hands straight, positioning them on the knees. Palms opened upwards with index fingers touching thumbs keeping the other three fingers straight.
Keep the spine absolutely straight including the neck.
Take in a deep breath and think of peace and happiness around. Life is an illusion and we have the power to think as we like.
Breathe lightly and monitor the flow of breath and listen to the vibrations and sounds of the body.
Relax the mind and body.
Breathe in as much as possible and pause for a while.
Breathe out till the air is exhausted and pause for a while.
Repeat the process thrice.
The fourth time chant the ‘A’ in the Aum as you breathe out and feel the vibrations in your abdomen and navel area. Chant the ‘U’ and feel the vibrations in the chest. Similarly, chant the ‘M’ and feel the vibrations in your head.
After each exhalation pause before taking in a long deep breath and pause before the next chant.
With each chant expand the mind and body so that oxygen is absorbed and flows freely through the body.
A straight and correct posture ensures circulation in all the organs helping them to work efficiently.
When the Om chanting ends, chant –“ Shanti hi, Shanti hi, Shanti hi – Aauumm...” to invoke peace and calmness in life. (The word Shanti means peace)

Photo by Karolina Grabowska on Pexels.com

Initially start with three chants and increase it to nine with time. Try concentrating on the area of the third eye or the forehead. The mind has limitless capacities waiting to be discovered. We do know about the sixth sense or intuition but do not know how to rein in its power. The opening of the third eye will help us in achieving our aims with ease.

The third eye is the most potent source of intuitive wisdom which removes negativity, develops creativity, and knowledgeable insight, leading to the highest form of intelligence. The third eye provides clarity in our thought process and guides us towards things that need our attention and actions.

Imbibing the habit of Om chanting on a regular basis can work wonders for the body and mind improving the quality of life and providing a radiant glow that comes from within.

On Abetments and Deterrences

Posted on June 23, 2020 by Sumita Tah

–

If you want to wipe out someone,
Use your words.
You can completely destroy;
someone’s hope,
someone’s like,
someone’s love.
Pushing him to the brink;
So that he toppels over the edge.

If you want to save someone,
Use your words.
You can reinvigorate and build;
someone’s like,
someone’s love,
someone’s hope.
Pulling him from the edge,
So that he springs to life once more.

If you really love someone. You must be willing to live not die for that person. – Sumita Tah

Advantages of living in a small town over living in big cities.

Posted on June 19, 2020 by Sumita Tah

I have always preferred living in small towns to living in big cities. Occasional travel to big cities, are fine for entertainment or work related purposes, but I have always dreaded living permanently in big cities. The few years that I have spent in a big city for educational and work related purposes have passed in a daze.

In those days, whenever I came back to my home in a small town, I found it uneasy to find people idling after work. I kept wondering how they tolerated such a slow paced life – without ambitions, without trying to improve and update themselves and secure their future. It became even more intolerable when I visited my ancestral village and observed the village folk leading lives with hardly any pace at all. I saw the men folk sitting under the old neem tree talking among themselves; totally satisfied to have their seasonal yield and to live in their ancestral homes without any major changes in their lives. The temporary change in my thought process at that time was a result of environmental conditioning at an impressionable age.

Living in big cities undoubtedly has multiple advantages. The multifarious facilities of health care, education, shopping, entertainment, are enough to lure the multitudes from small towns to migrate to cities. Life in big cities has the ability to cast a magical spell on its denizens. The challenges of day to day life are so many that residents hardly have time or inclination to ponder over the relevance of such a fast paced life – A life without any time to invest on people and things that really matter. It has its benefits too – It helps us to avert situations which make us uncomfortable.

The major disadvantages of a big city life are commuting time, excessive population and pollution. Fresh food without preservatives are availed only by the super rich, who can purchase high priced organic food delivered to their homes. Others have to make do with food products with added preservatives to improve shelf life. That too, if they can afford time to cook meals for the family; otherwise they have to make do with take-away food, cooked in reused oils that are terribly harmful for the body.

The comfortable life in cities, come at a high price that is paid by health and relationships. Parents hardly get to spend quality time with the children on regular basis. Children are not able to move about freely on their own due to high crime rates in cities. Therefore, things that are learnt through worthwhile experiences get lost along the line.

The major disadvantage of living in a small town is the lack of good educational, health and work facilities. Procuring better paid jobs is the major reason for migration from small towns to big cities. However, if lifestyle expenses are taken into consideration we would find that living in big cities are definitely more expensive than living in a small town. The options of going on a spending spree are less in small towns and hence the scope of savings is definitely more. The rent of accommodations, groceries and other services are much less than those in big cities. Living in a sprawling accommodation in a pollution free atmosphere with less competition and commuting time is definitely rewarding for people who prefer a life away from the hustle bustle of big cities.

The pandemic has increased the appeal of living in small town with less population. The close knit communities provide a stress free comfortable atmosphere in which kids can grow up freely. The post-covid era will see people opting for a more meaningful life in small towns and country sides. Hopefully, it will decrease the population load in the big cities and improve the quality of life in cities too.

PAST TENSE

Posted on June 15, 2020 by Sumita Tah

Photo by Aphiwat chuangchoem on Pexels.com

SIMPLE PAST TENSE

Lord Jesus preached the message of peace.

The police caught the thief red-handed.

Rabindranath wrote Gitanjali.

I spoke to him yesterday.

Did you visit your grandma?

SENTENCE TYPE	STRUCTURE	EXAMPLE
Positive	Subject + V2 + Object	I *liked* ice-cream.
Interrogative	Did + Subject + V1 + Object?	*Did* I like ice-cream?
Negative	Subject + did not + V1 + Object	I *did* not like ice-cream.

Situational Use:

To express a habitual actions of the past (always, never, often, seldom, generally, usually are used in these sentences) – He generally came here everyday.
To express an event/ actions completed in the past- I bought some apples yesterday.
To express an action going on the time stated– While Krishna played the flute, Radha danced.
Narrating events in the past – Once there lived a beautiful princess.
For short but quickly finished events – I spent my childhood in India.
For State verbs in the Past – Napoleon became the King.
For second conditionals – If he worked hard, he could pass.
For wishes – I wish I knew.
For recommendations – It is time we went home.

FUNCTIONAL USE

Story Telling – One fine day the king decided to go for a hunt.
Narrating past events – When I was two, I was kidnapped.

PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

I was painting a basket.

She was looking ill.

They were watching T.V. all the time.

They were talking loudly.

The students were not listening to the teacher.

You were watching TV at that time.

SENTENCE TYPE	STRUCTURE	EXAMPLE
Positive	Subject + was/ were + V4(-ing form of verb) + Object	I *was eating* ice-cream.
Interrogative	Was/ were + Subject + V4 + Object?	*Was* I *eating* ice-cream?
Negative	Subject + was/ were + not + V4 + Object	I was not eating ice-cream.

Situational Use:

To express an action going in the past. – He was playing piano.
To express repeated or habitual action in the past – He was always bullying others.
To indicate two simultaneous actions. – He was cooking while she was reading.
To indicate acts of incompletion – I was painting my house this morning.
To indicate background in the past – I was working as an intern when I met him.
To indicate distancing /less definite things–I was wondering when the economy will revive.
To indicate gradual development of events – He was getting bored.

( when a verb ends with ‘e’ we remove ‘e’ and add ‘ing’. – come – coming:

when a verb ends with ‘ie’ we remove ‘ie’ and add ‘y’. – tie – tying:

when a verb ends with a consonant except ‘r’, w, y’ with a vowel before it we add the consonant twice. – cut – cutting)

PAST PERFECT TENSE

The train had left before we had reached the station.

As soon as he had finished his speech, the people cheered.

The car had crashed by the time the driver realised that it was skidding.

He had broken his pencil before the exam ended.

I had lived there for ten years before moving to this town.

I had locked the door before I left the room.

I had trusted him before he cheated me.

I had reached home before the rain started.

Where had he been at that time?

He had opened the window before going to sleep.

I wish I had accepted the offer.

I told her that I had finished.

SENTENCE TYPE	STRUCTURE	EXAMPLE
Positive	Subject + had + V3(past participle) + Object	I *had eaten* ice-cream.
Interrogative	Had + Subject + V3 + Object?	*Had* I *eaten* ice-cream?
Negative	Subject + had + V3 + Object	I *had* not *eaten* ice-cream.

Situational Use:

To express an action that has been completed before another action began. – The thief had fled before the police arrived.
To express an unfulfilled wish in the past. – I wish you had told me the truth.
To express things that happened before thinking or saying – He thought that I had left.
In sentences with ‘after’, ‘when’, ‘as soon as’, ‘ no sooner than’ – No sooner had the teacher left than the boys began shouting.

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

I had been writing for two hours by then.

She had been visiting her for five months when we met.

She had been waiting for him for an hour when he came in.

They had been living here for six years by then.

She had been working on that novel for about eight years.

SENTENCE TYPE	STRUCTURE	EXAMPLE
Positive	Subject +had+ been + V4(-ing form of verb) + Obj	I *had been running* for an hour by then.
Interrogative	Had + Subject+ been + V4 + Object?	*Had* I been running for an hour by then?
Negative	Subject + had+ not +been+ V4 + Object	I had not *been running* for an hour by then.

Situational use

To express the duration of action upto a certain time in the past – Everything had been going according to our plan.
For focussing on the ongoing action – I had been reading in the garden.
For expressing continuations from the past – At that time we had been living there for about a year.
For expressing actions which are incomplete – I had been watching a lot of movies when I got that idea.

The Past time is expressed in six different ways according to its need.

Simple Past – I wrote an essay.
Past Continuous – I was writing an essay.
Past Perfect – I had written an essay.
Past Perfect Continuous – I had been writing an essay.
Present Perfect – He has written a novel.
Present Perfect Continuous – You have been crying.

Racism

Posted on June 12, 2020 by Sumita Tah

There’s beauty in diversity. Without variety life would be bland. Beneath the superficial difference, there’s an inherent sameness in all humans. This tanka is very apt for the recent times.

yaskhan

Red is the colour 
Of blood that flows in our veins 
It is not black, white
Black, white is not a colour 
Just the darkness in our minds.


# Tanka 


An old poem of mine written several years ago .

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THE PERPETUAL SEARCH

Posted on June 9, 2020 by Sumita Tah

Happiness happiness where art thou?
I seek you here and there.
Happiness happiness where are you?
I seek you everywhere.

I looked for you in work and love;
I sought you, with such care.
In leisure I tried to capture you,
In days foul and fair.

Oh! Why do you elude me?
When will I get my share?
It’s you I seek from dawn to dusk;
It’s you I seek in my prayer .

My heart once more wants to beat;
In tune with laughter fair.
Once more it wants to dance away,
Without a speck of care.

Happiness, happiness, where art thou?
I seek you here and there.
Happiness, happiness, where are you?
I seek you everywhere.

Oh! Happiness I wait for thee
Door to my heart lies bare
Come to me, fulfill my life,
And those that I love and care.

TENSE Present Tense

Posted on June 6, 2020 by Sumita Tah

She ***is reading*** a book. Photo by Arthur Krijgsman

Tense of a verb tells us about the time of action or event. It is a form of verb, which is used to show the state and time of an event. Tense helps us to show whether we are referring to the past, present or future.

In English tense must be expressed in all finite verb phrases.

But, most English full verbs have only two tense related forms.

The simple Present – find, look, live, leave, write
The simple past – found, looked, lived, left, wrote

The other tense forms are made with the auxiliary verbs mainly ‘Be’ and ‘Have’ telling us whether the action is in progress or complete.

Auxiliary verbs	Past	Present	Future
Be	Was/were	Is/am/are	Will be/shall be
Have	Had	Has/have	Will have/ shall have

VERB FORMS

PRESENT TENSE V1	PAST TENSE V2	PAST PARTICIPLE V3	PRESENT PARTICIPLE V4	SINGULAR (‘s’ form) V5
(used in simple present and in future tense with ‘will/shall’)	(used in simple past tense)	(used in perfect tense with ‘has/have’ verb)	(used in continuous tense with ‘ be’ verb)	(used with he/she/it)
eat	ate	eaten	eating	eats

DIVISION OF TENSE

Tenses are divided on the basis of time as follows:

Tense chart for the word ‘Write’:

TENSE	PRESENT	PAST	FUTURE
SIMPLE/ INDEFINITE	I write.	I wrote.	I shall write.
CONTINUOUS/ PROGRESSIVE	I am writing.	I was writing.	I shall be writing.
PERFECT	I have written.	I had written.	I shall have written.
PERFECT CONTINUOUS	I have been writing.	I had been writing.	I shall have been writing.

Before studying forms and usage of each group we must remember that a type of tense form may represent different time situations.

For example Present continuous tense may represent:

Things going on at the present- I am writing an essay.
Developing and changing situations – The world is getting hotter.
Future activity – I am visiting Paris next week.

THE PRESENT TENSE

Present tense may be divided into.

Simple Present Tense / Present Indefinite Tense
Present Continuous Tense / Present Progressive Tense
Present Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Continuous / Present Perfect Progressive Tense

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

SENTENCE TYPE	STRUCTURE	EXAMPLE
Positive	Subject + V1 + Object	I like ice-cream.
Interrogative	Do/Does + Subject + V1 + Object?	Do I like ice-cream?
Negative	Subject + do not/ does not + V1 + Object	I do not like ice-cream.

Situational Use:

To express a habitual action – I go for a walk everyday.
To express general statement or universal facts – The Earth revolves around the sun.
To express an event taking place at the given moment- Here comes the bride.
To express a permanent situation – Everest is the highest peak in the world.
To express a future action that is planned – The plane departs at 6:00 p.m.
To express series of events – We take two cups of milk and boil it.
To express conditional future – I shall go out if it stops raining.
For quotations – The Bible says, ‘Love thy neighbour’.
For imperative sentences – Do your work.
With Non- Progressive Verbs – I like this cake very much.
With Adverbs and Adverbials – He always speaks the truth.
Historical present or graphic present – Alexander invades India.

(In simple present tense Third Person Singular take –s or –es with full verbs. E.g. plays, goes)

FUNCTIONAL USAGE

Simple Present Tense is used in the following real life activities:

Story Telling – She holds her mother and breaks down.
TV./ Radio Commentaries – Ronaldo passes to Rivaldo, Rivaldo to Carlos and Carlos shoots.
Formal Expressions in Letters – I enclose herewith.
Newspaper Headings – Blind girl climbs Everest.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

SENTENCE TYPE	STRUCTURE	EXAMPLE
Positive	Subject +is/am/are + V4(-ing form of verb) + Object	I am eating ice-cream.
Interrogative	Is/am/are + Subject + V4 + Object?	Am I eating ice-cream?
Negative	Subject + is/am/are+ not + V4 + Object	I am not eating ice-cream.

Situational Use:

To express an action going on at the time of speaking. – It is raining.
To express repeated action – My sister is writing a book.
To indicate an action that is likely to happen. – I am meeting her tomorrow.
To indicate changes. – The earth is getting warmer.
To indicate things which happen very often. – I am always losing my pen.
To indicate distancing /less definite things–I am hoping that the economy will revive.

( when a verb ends with ‘e’ we remove ‘e’ and add ‘ing’. – come – coming:

when a verb ends with ‘ie’ we remove ‘ie’ and add ‘y’. – tie – tying:

when a verb ends with a consonant except ‘r’, w, y’ with a vowel before it we add the consonant twice. – cut – cutting)

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

I have done it.

You have done a lot for me.

They have missed the bus.

He has left for home.

He has broken his pencil.

Have you ever seen a ghost?

I have lived here for ten years.

SENTENCE TYPE	STRUCTURE	EXAMPLE
Positive	Subject + has/have + V3(past participle) + Object	I have eaten ice-cream.
Interrogative	Has/ have + Subject + V3 + Object?	Have I eaten ice-cream?
Negative	Subject + has/have + V3 + Object	I have not eaten ice-cream.

Situational Use:

To express an action that has just been completed. – The sun has set.
To express past action the effect of which still continues. – Lily has won a prize.
For habits leading to the present – I have studied hard for years.
For finished events with certain time adverbs – I have already spoken to him.

(Time adverbs- lately, recently, already, never, ever, before, yet)

SPECIALITIES

The Perfect Tense refers to an event in the Past with Present or current relevance. When we use simple Past the focus is on the person, thing or circumstances while present perfect refers to a situation or event.

[ Has – used with – He/she/ it: Have – used with – I/You /we/they ]

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

SENTENCE TYPE	STRUCTURE	EXAMPLE
Positive	Subject +has/ have+ been + V4(-ing form of verb) + Obj	I have been eating ice-cream.
Interrogative	Has/ have + Subject+been + V4 + Object?	Have I been eating ice-cream?
Negative	Subject + has/have+ not +been+ V4 + Object	I have not been eating ice-cream.

Situational use

For an activity that continued from past and has just been completed.–You have been fighting.
For an action began in the past and is still going on.- She has been working since 9am.
For repeated actions – I have been playing tennis a lot recently.
For expressing actions in sentences beginning with ‘For how long’ or ‘Since when’– For how long has she been suffering from the viral infection?
For expressing temporary activities- He has been living here for a month.

( for expressing permanent activities we use Present perfect tense.-He has lived here for thirty years.)

Specialities

For and Since

The Present perfect continuous tense is often used with ‘for’ and ‘since’. There is a difference between their use.

FOR

‘For’ is used to denote a period of time ( time span or duration)

It has been raining for six hours.

He has been working here for twenty years.

He has been suffering for a long time.

SINCE

‘Since’ is used to denote an action starting from a point of time in the past.

She has been painting since 8 o’clock.

He has been looking for his glasses since he got up.

It has been raining since Sunday.

Present perfect continuous tense is generally used with verbs denoting continuity.

E.g. rain, study, work, live, wait, build.

Who Loves Tom Swift? — Nicholas C. Rossis

Posted on June 3, 2020 by Sumita Tah

No, Tom Swift is not a person. A Tom Swifty is a phrase in which a quoted sentence is linked by a pun to the manner in which it is attributed. The standard syntax is for the quoted sentence to be first, followed by the (humorous) description of the act of speaking. The hypothetical speaker […]
Who Loves Tom Swift? — Nicholas C. Rossis

Treasuring Time

Posted on June 1, 2020 by Sumita Tah

**Time has a wonderful way of showing us what really matters.**
Photo by Pixabay on Pexels.com

Time is true treasure,
Try to treasure Time;
For forgetting to value it,
Is surely a serious crime.

Time never stops moving;
But keeps its records in genes,
In stones, bones and memories;
For the future beings.

Use your time wisely,
Have habits that are good.
Complete your work on time,
As best as you could.

For if you cherish time,
And refrain from its abuse;
Then fortune will favour you.
And grant what you choose.

An inch of time, is an inch of gold. But with that inch of gold, you can’t buy that inch of time.
Don’t look at the clock, do what it does. Keep going.

Keep Yourself Focused Through Digital Minimalism.

Posted on May 28, 2020May 28, 2020 by Sumita Tah

Days come and go, leaving us wondering about the accelerated speed of time in the recent times. Time, as we all are aware, develops its speed according to the activity we are involved in. If it is something that we enjoy, time flies like a hurricane; if it is something boring, time refuses to budge. After the arrival of the smart phones and the internet, time hardly ever stands still. Everyone around us, including ourselves, are forever engrossed in the wondrous world of internet, gorging on goodies for the mind. And often we find that the goodies that we devoured were nothing but junk for the brain, for which we had spent our priceless moments.

Digital minimalism is a must- if we really want to keep ourselves focused on the important things in life. Digital minimalism involves prioritising, organising, simplifying and eliminating everything that distracts us from living a good life with specific intentions.

Digitization has spun us into its web, and it is very difficult to live a life in which we are not completely immersed in the world of the internet. However, we must find our way out of the digital maze and keep our life focused and meaningful. Here are some ways in which we can come out of the digital vortex and keep our life simple, clear and stress free.

Keep the morning hours free for doing things that need your undivided attention. An hour of work achieved in the morning will add up cumulatively over the days, increasing the productive output substantially. Do not look at the smart phone till the morning’s work is done.
Avoid notifications as much as possible, as most of the information will be available in the mail.
Check emails twice mid-morning and evening when the attention span related to work begins to waver.
Keep an hour for social media when productive output is low. Set timer for time spent on social media as it will not contribute much in achieving aims.
Regularly delete all unnecessary files, mails, pictures, videos, music and downloads.
Make separate folders for different types of files and keep those folders in a separate folder to keep the desktop clean.
Keep a clean background for the desktop and uninstall apps which are no longer in use. A clean workplace brings about intellectual clarity and keeps one focussed.
Smart phones should not be taken to bed as it hampers sleep pattern and is detrimental to health in the long run.
Work in full-screen mode to retain attention and avoid distractions.
Make a to-do list every evening and add the things not done to the next day’s list, along with allocating a specified time for doing the same. That way tasks will not pile up and will be done on a regular basis.

Keeping a digital-media free day once a week will be rewarding and will help in clearing the mind from information overload. Every kind of information is available on the web for access, when and as we need them. Therefore, it is unnecessary to overburden ourselves with extra information shared through the social media. It can take some determination to keep ourselves from investing too many hours in social media, but will be helpful in the long run.

We have come a long way from the time when W.H. Davis wrote ‘Leisure’ (1911) in his ‘Songs of Joy and Others.’ He would indeed have been surprised to see our lives truly full of care, without any time to stand and stare.

“What is life if full of care,

We have no time to stand and stare.”

Digital minimalism will provide us with actual leisure, which will relieve us from stress, help us think clearly and help live a purposeful life.

More suggestions on Digital Minimalism would be most welcome.

English Literature and Grammar

Gain expertise in English and boost your career.

Author: Sumita Tah

Benefits of ‘OM’ Chanting

The three syllables of Om are:

Om chanting –

On Abetments and Deterrences

Advantages of living in a small town over living in big cities.

PAST TENSE

SIMPLE PAST TENSE

PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

PAST PERFECT TENSE

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Racism

THE PERPETUAL SEARCH

TENSE Present Tense

THE PRESENT TENSE

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

For and Since

Who Loves Tom Swift? — Nicholas C. Rossis

Treasuring Time

Keep Yourself Focused Through Digital Minimalism.

Author: Sumita Tah

The three syllables of Om are:

Om chanting –

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SIMPLE PAST TENSE

PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

PAST PERFECT TENSE

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

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THE PRESENT TENSE

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

For and Since

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